JNK
Inhibitory Selectivity
Isoform-specific Inhibitors
JNK Products
Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
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S1460 |
SP600125SP600125 (Nsc75890) is a broad-spectrum JNK inhibitor for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 with IC50 of 40 nM, 40 nM and 90 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; 10-fold greater selectivity against MKK4, 25-fold greater selectivity against MKK3, MKK6, PKB, and PKCα, and 100-fold selectivity against ERK2, p38, Chk1, EGFR etc. SP600125 is also a broad‐spectrum inhibitor of serine/threonine kinases including Aurora kinase A,FLT3 and TRKA with of IC50 of 60 nM, 90 nM and 70 nM. SP600125 inhibits autophagy and activates apoptosis. |
![]() ![]() Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.
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S4901 |
JNK-IN-8JNK-IN-8 (JNK Inhibitor XVI) is the first irreversible JNK inhibitor for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 with IC50 of 4.7 nM, 18.7 nM and 1 nM, >10-fold selectivity against MNK2, Fms and no inhibition to c-Kit, Met, PDGFRβin A375 cell line. |
![]() ![]() SCC-9 cells were pre-treated with JNK inhibitor SP 600125 (1 umol/L) or JNK-IN-8 (1 umol/L) for 1 h, cells were also stimulated with indicated AZD8055 and cultured for 72 h, cell survival was analyzed. Scramble RNAi or JNK1/2 RNAi (JNK RNAi-1 or JNK RNAi-2, see methods) transfected HEK-293 cells were stimulated with AZD8055, cells were further cultured for 72 h before cell survival was tested. |
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S6740 |
DB07268DB07268 is a potent and selective JNK1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 9 nM and exhibits at least 70- to 90-fold greater potency against JNK1 than CHK1, CK2, and PLK. |
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S3242 |
Loureirin BLoureirin B (LB, LrB), a flavonoid extracted from Dracaena cochinchinensis, is an inhibitor of PAI-1 with IC50 of 26.10 μM. Loureirin B downregulates p-ERK and p-JNK in TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblasts. Loureirin B promotes insulin secretion mainly through increasing Pdx-1, MafA, intracellular ATP level, inhibiting the KATP current, influx of Ca2+ to the intracellular. |
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E2682New |
RPI-1RPI-1 inhibits proliferation of human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line TPC-1 by inducing accumulation of cells at the G2 cell cycle phase, abolishes Ret/Ptc1 tyrosine phosphorylation along with its binding to Shc and phospholipase Cg, also abolishes the activation of JNK2 and AKT. |
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E0072New |
Indirubin-3′-oximeIndirubin-3′-oxime (IDR3O, I3O) is an indirubin analogue that shows favorable inhibitory activity targeting GSK-3β and CDKs. Indirubin-3′-oxime also inhibits JNKs with IC50s of 0.8 μM, 1.4 μM, and 1.0 μM for JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, respectively. Indirubin-3′-oxime activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inhibits adipocyte differentiation and obesity. |
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S0949 |
Cucurbitacin IIbCucurbitacin IIb (CuIIb, Dihydrocucurbitacin F, 25-deacetyl hemslecin A) inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3, JNK and Erk1/2, enhances the phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB, blocks nuclear translocation of NF-κB and decreases mRNA levels of IκBα and TNF-α. Cucurbitacin IIb exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and induces apoptosis. Cucurbitacin IIb is isolated from Hemsleya amabilis. |
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S4884 |
Trans-ZeatinTrans-Zeatina ((E)-Zeatin) is the member of the plant growth hormone family known as cytokinins, which regulate cell division, development, and nutrient processing. Trans-Zeatin inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 expression, c-Jun activation and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAP kinases (MAPKs) dose-dependently. |
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S7794 |
JNK Inhibitor VIIIJNK Inhibitor VIII (TCS JNK 6o) is an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinases with IC50 of 45 nM and 160 nM for JNK-1 and JNK-2, respectively. JNK Inhibitor VIII (TCS JNK 6o) inihibits JNK-1, JNK-2, and JNK-3 with Ki of 2 nM, 4 nM and 52 nM, respectively. |
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S0781 |
IQ 3IQ 3 is a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor with Kd of 66 nM, 240 nM and 290 nM for JNK3, JNK1 and JNK2, respectively. IQ 3 inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB/AP1 transcriptional activity in THP1-Blue cells with IC50 of 1.4 μM. IQ 3 also inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 production in vitro. |
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S7508 |
JNK Inhibitor IXJNK inhibitor IX (TCS JNK 5a) is a selective and potent JNK inhibitor with pIC50 of 6.5 and 6.7 for JNK2 and JNK3, respectively. |
![]() ![]() ICT induces JNK activation, mediating mPTP opening and CRC cell necrosis. JNK expression (p- and regular) in HT-29 or the primary CRC cells stimulated with applied ICT was tested by Western blots (a).HT-29 cells were pre-treated with JNK inhibitors SP600125 (SP), JNK inhibitor IX (JNK-IX), and JNK-IN-8 (JNKi-8) (5 μM each) for 1 h, followed by ICT (25 μM) stimulation, MMP decrease was tested byJC-10 dye assay (b, after 12 h), and cell necrosis was tested by LDH release assay (c, after 72 h).
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S3292 |
FalcarindiolFalcarindiol (FAD, (3R,8S)-Falcarindiol, FaDOH) is a natural polyacetylene compound found rich in many plants of the Umbelliferae family. Falcarindiol suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Falcarindiol attenuates the LPS-induced activation of JNK, ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling molecules. |
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S9075 |
Mulberroside AMulberroside A, isolated from the ethanol extract of Morus alba roots, is widely employed as an active ingredient in cosmetic products due to its anti-tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activities. Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1 and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38. |
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S6730 |
CC-401 HydrochlorideCC-401 is a potent inhibitor of JNK with at least 40-fold selectivity against other related kinases. |
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S4460 |
IMM-H007IMM-H007, an adenosine derivative, is an activator of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). IMM-H007 is a potential drug for treating cardiac dysfunction. IMM-H007 negatively regulates endothelium inflammation through inactivating NF-κB and JNK/AP1 signaling. IMM-H007 inhibits ABCA1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily a member 1) degradation and facilitates its cell-surface localization in macrophages, thereby promotes cholesterol efflux. |
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S6347 |
5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA)5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 5'-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine, Adenosine-5'N-ethylcarboxamide, 5'-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) is a stable, nonselective adenosine receptor agonist. 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine acts via multiple mechanisms including: reducing diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting gene expression of IL-18, TNF-α and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54)), and blocking activation of the JNK-MAPK pathway. |
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S6711 |
IQ-1SIQ-1S is a JNK3 inhibitor with Kd values of 87, 360 and 390 nM for JNK3, JNK2 and JNK1, respectively. |
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S1321 |
Urolithin BUrolithin B inhibits NF-κB activity by reducing the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Urolithin B suppresses the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and Akt, and enhances the phosphorylation of AMPK. Urolithin B is also a regulator of skeletal muscle mass. |
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S8201 |
BI-78D3BI-78D3 is a competitive JNK inhibitor with IC50 of 280 nM that displays > 100 fold selectivity over p38α and no activity at mTOR and PI-3K. |
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S4643 |
KB-R7943 mesylateKB-R7943 mesylate is a widely used inhibitor of the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX(rev)) with IC50 of 5.7 μM. KB-R7943 mesylate promotes prostate cancer cell death by activating the JNK pathway and blocking autophagic flux. |
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S9698 |
EzatiostatEzatiostat (TER199, TLK199, Telintra), a tripeptide analog of glutathione, is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of Glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1). Ezatiostat activates c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK1) and ERK1/ERK2 and induces apoptosis. |
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S2271 |
Berberine chloride (NSC 646666)Berberine chloride (NSC 646666, Natural Yellow 18) is a quaternary ammonium salt from the group of isoquinoline alkaloids. Berberine activates caspase 3 and caspase 8, cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and the release of cytochrome c. Berberine chloride decreases the expression of c-IAP1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Berberine chloride induces apoptosis with sustained phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, as well as generation of the ROS. Berberine chloride is a dual topoisomerase I and II inhibitor. Berberine chloride is also a potential autophagy modulator. |
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S5958 |
MetforminMetformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide), a widely used drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153. |
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S7409 |
AnisomycinAnisomycin (Flagecidin, Wuningmeisu C) is a bacterial antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseolus, which inhibits protein synthesis, and also act as a JNK activator. Anisomycin upregulates autophagy and increases apoptosis. |
![]() ![]() Effect of TMZ (100 μmol/l for U87 cells, 50 μmol/l for U251 cells), anisomycin (4 μmol/l), SB203580 (10 μmol/l), TMZ+SB203580 (10 μmol/l) treatment on thephosphorylation of p38 and AQP4 for 24 h in U87 cells and U251 cells, detected by Western blotting. (A) Protein expression of p-p38, p38 and AQP4 in U87 cells with differenttreatments. (B) The ration of p-p38/p38 in U87 cells. (C) The proportion of AQP4 in GAPDH in U87 cells. (D) Protein expression of p-p38, p38 and AQP4 in U251 cells withdifferent treatments. (E) The ration of p-p38/p38 in U251 cells. (F) The proportion of AQP4 in GAPDH in U251 cells. *P< 0.05 versus the control group |
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S7637 |
DTP3DTP3 is a selective GADD45β/MKK7 (growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible β/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7) inhibitor and is able to restore MKK7/JNK activation. DTP3 inhibits cancer-selective NF-κB survival pathway. |
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S9114 |
Polyphyllin IPolyphyllin I, a small molecular monomer extracted from Rhizoma of Paris polyphyllin, is used in the treatment of infectious disease and cancer. Polyphyllin I inhibits proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death in U251 cells. Polyphyllin I is an activator of the JNK signaling pathway with a potential anti-glioma effect. |
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E2032New |
MOTS-cMOTS-c, a mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP), exerts antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects through activating AMPK pathway and inhibiting MAP kinases-c-fos signaling pathway. |
Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
---|---|---|---|
S1460 |
SP600125SP600125 (Nsc75890) is a broad-spectrum JNK inhibitor for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 with IC50 of 40 nM, 40 nM and 90 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; 10-fold greater selectivity against MKK4, 25-fold greater selectivity against MKK3, MKK6, PKB, and PKCα, and 100-fold selectivity against ERK2, p38, Chk1, EGFR etc. SP600125 is also a broad‐spectrum inhibitor of serine/threonine kinases including Aurora kinase A,FLT3 and TRKA with of IC50 of 60 nM, 90 nM and 70 nM. SP600125 inhibits autophagy and activates apoptosis. |
![]() ![]() Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.
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S4901 |
JNK-IN-8JNK-IN-8 (JNK Inhibitor XVI) is the first irreversible JNK inhibitor for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 with IC50 of 4.7 nM, 18.7 nM and 1 nM, >10-fold selectivity against MNK2, Fms and no inhibition to c-Kit, Met, PDGFRβin A375 cell line. |
![]() ![]() SCC-9 cells were pre-treated with JNK inhibitor SP 600125 (1 umol/L) or JNK-IN-8 (1 umol/L) for 1 h, cells were also stimulated with indicated AZD8055 and cultured for 72 h, cell survival was analyzed. Scramble RNAi or JNK1/2 RNAi (JNK RNAi-1 or JNK RNAi-2, see methods) transfected HEK-293 cells were stimulated with AZD8055, cells were further cultured for 72 h before cell survival was tested. |
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S6740 |
DB07268DB07268 is a potent and selective JNK1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 9 nM and exhibits at least 70- to 90-fold greater potency against JNK1 than CHK1, CK2, and PLK. |
||
S3242 |
Loureirin BLoureirin B (LB, LrB), a flavonoid extracted from Dracaena cochinchinensis, is an inhibitor of PAI-1 with IC50 of 26.10 μM. Loureirin B downregulates p-ERK and p-JNK in TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblasts. Loureirin B promotes insulin secretion mainly through increasing Pdx-1, MafA, intracellular ATP level, inhibiting the KATP current, influx of Ca2+ to the intracellular. |
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E2682New |
RPI-1RPI-1 inhibits proliferation of human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line TPC-1 by inducing accumulation of cells at the G2 cell cycle phase, abolishes Ret/Ptc1 tyrosine phosphorylation along with its binding to Shc and phospholipase Cg, also abolishes the activation of JNK2 and AKT. |
||
E0072New |
Indirubin-3′-oximeIndirubin-3′-oxime (IDR3O, I3O) is an indirubin analogue that shows favorable inhibitory activity targeting GSK-3β and CDKs. Indirubin-3′-oxime also inhibits JNKs with IC50s of 0.8 μM, 1.4 μM, and 1.0 μM for JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, respectively. Indirubin-3′-oxime activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inhibits adipocyte differentiation and obesity. |
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S0949 |
Cucurbitacin IIbCucurbitacin IIb (CuIIb, Dihydrocucurbitacin F, 25-deacetyl hemslecin A) inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3, JNK and Erk1/2, enhances the phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB, blocks nuclear translocation of NF-κB and decreases mRNA levels of IκBα and TNF-α. Cucurbitacin IIb exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and induces apoptosis. Cucurbitacin IIb is isolated from Hemsleya amabilis. |
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S4884 |
Trans-ZeatinTrans-Zeatina ((E)-Zeatin) is the member of the plant growth hormone family known as cytokinins, which regulate cell division, development, and nutrient processing. Trans-Zeatin inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 expression, c-Jun activation and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAP kinases (MAPKs) dose-dependently. |
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S7794 |
JNK Inhibitor VIIIJNK Inhibitor VIII (TCS JNK 6o) is an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinases with IC50 of 45 nM and 160 nM for JNK-1 and JNK-2, respectively. JNK Inhibitor VIII (TCS JNK 6o) inihibits JNK-1, JNK-2, and JNK-3 with Ki of 2 nM, 4 nM and 52 nM, respectively. |
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S0781 |
IQ 3IQ 3 is a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor with Kd of 66 nM, 240 nM and 290 nM for JNK3, JNK1 and JNK2, respectively. IQ 3 inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB/AP1 transcriptional activity in THP1-Blue cells with IC50 of 1.4 μM. IQ 3 also inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 production in vitro. |
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S7508 |
JNK Inhibitor IXJNK inhibitor IX (TCS JNK 5a) is a selective and potent JNK inhibitor with pIC50 of 6.5 and 6.7 for JNK2 and JNK3, respectively. |
![]() ![]() ICT induces JNK activation, mediating mPTP opening and CRC cell necrosis. JNK expression (p- and regular) in HT-29 or the primary CRC cells stimulated with applied ICT was tested by Western blots (a).HT-29 cells were pre-treated with JNK inhibitors SP600125 (SP), JNK inhibitor IX (JNK-IX), and JNK-IN-8 (JNKi-8) (5 μM each) for 1 h, followed by ICT (25 μM) stimulation, MMP decrease was tested byJC-10 dye assay (b, after 12 h), and cell necrosis was tested by LDH release assay (c, after 72 h).
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S3292 |
FalcarindiolFalcarindiol (FAD, (3R,8S)-Falcarindiol, FaDOH) is a natural polyacetylene compound found rich in many plants of the Umbelliferae family. Falcarindiol suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Falcarindiol attenuates the LPS-induced activation of JNK, ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling molecules. |
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S9075 |
Mulberroside AMulberroside A, isolated from the ethanol extract of Morus alba roots, is widely employed as an active ingredient in cosmetic products due to its anti-tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activities. Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1 and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38. |
||
S6730 |
CC-401 HydrochlorideCC-401 is a potent inhibitor of JNK with at least 40-fold selectivity against other related kinases. |
||
S4460 |
IMM-H007IMM-H007, an adenosine derivative, is an activator of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). IMM-H007 is a potential drug for treating cardiac dysfunction. IMM-H007 negatively regulates endothelium inflammation through inactivating NF-κB and JNK/AP1 signaling. IMM-H007 inhibits ABCA1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily a member 1) degradation and facilitates its cell-surface localization in macrophages, thereby promotes cholesterol efflux. |
||
S6347 |
5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA)5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 5'-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine, Adenosine-5'N-ethylcarboxamide, 5'-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) is a stable, nonselective adenosine receptor agonist. 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine acts via multiple mechanisms including: reducing diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting gene expression of IL-18, TNF-α and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54)), and blocking activation of the JNK-MAPK pathway. |
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S6711 |
IQ-1SIQ-1S is a JNK3 inhibitor with Kd values of 87, 360 and 390 nM for JNK3, JNK2 and JNK1, respectively. |
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S1321 |
Urolithin BUrolithin B inhibits NF-κB activity by reducing the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Urolithin B suppresses the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and Akt, and enhances the phosphorylation of AMPK. Urolithin B is also a regulator of skeletal muscle mass. |
||
S8201 |
BI-78D3BI-78D3 is a competitive JNK inhibitor with IC50 of 280 nM that displays > 100 fold selectivity over p38α and no activity at mTOR and PI-3K. |
Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
---|---|---|---|
S4643 |
KB-R7943 mesylateKB-R7943 mesylate is a widely used inhibitor of the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX(rev)) with IC50 of 5.7 μM. KB-R7943 mesylate promotes prostate cancer cell death by activating the JNK pathway and blocking autophagic flux. |
||
S9698 |
EzatiostatEzatiostat (TER199, TLK199, Telintra), a tripeptide analog of glutathione, is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of Glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1). Ezatiostat activates c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK1) and ERK1/ERK2 and induces apoptosis. |
||
S2271 |
Berberine chloride (NSC 646666)Berberine chloride (NSC 646666, Natural Yellow 18) is a quaternary ammonium salt from the group of isoquinoline alkaloids. Berberine activates caspase 3 and caspase 8, cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and the release of cytochrome c. Berberine chloride decreases the expression of c-IAP1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Berberine chloride induces apoptosis with sustained phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, as well as generation of the ROS. Berberine chloride is a dual topoisomerase I and II inhibitor. Berberine chloride is also a potential autophagy modulator. |
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S5958 |
MetforminMetformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide), a widely used drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153. |
||
S7409 |
AnisomycinAnisomycin (Flagecidin, Wuningmeisu C) is a bacterial antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseolus, which inhibits protein synthesis, and also act as a JNK activator. Anisomycin upregulates autophagy and increases apoptosis. |
![]() ![]() Effect of TMZ (100 μmol/l for U87 cells, 50 μmol/l for U251 cells), anisomycin (4 μmol/l), SB203580 (10 μmol/l), TMZ+SB203580 (10 μmol/l) treatment on thephosphorylation of p38 and AQP4 for 24 h in U87 cells and U251 cells, detected by Western blotting. (A) Protein expression of p-p38, p38 and AQP4 in U87 cells with differenttreatments. (B) The ration of p-p38/p38 in U87 cells. (C) The proportion of AQP4 in GAPDH in U87 cells. (D) Protein expression of p-p38, p38 and AQP4 in U251 cells withdifferent treatments. (E) The ration of p-p38/p38 in U251 cells. (F) The proportion of AQP4 in GAPDH in U251 cells. *P< 0.05 versus the control group |
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S7637 |
DTP3DTP3 is a selective GADD45β/MKK7 (growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible β/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7) inhibitor and is able to restore MKK7/JNK activation. DTP3 inhibits cancer-selective NF-κB survival pathway. |
||
S9114 |
Polyphyllin IPolyphyllin I, a small molecular monomer extracted from Rhizoma of Paris polyphyllin, is used in the treatment of infectious disease and cancer. Polyphyllin I inhibits proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death in U251 cells. Polyphyllin I is an activator of the JNK signaling pathway with a potential anti-glioma effect. |
Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
---|---|---|---|
E2032New |
MOTS-cMOTS-c, a mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP), exerts antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects through activating AMPK pathway and inhibiting MAP kinases-c-fos signaling pathway. |