Autophagy
Inhibitory Selectivity
Autophagy Products
| Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
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| S1109 |
BI 2536BI-2536 is a potent Plk1 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.83 nM in a cell-free assay. BI-2536 inhibits Bromodomain 4 (BRD4) with Kd of 37 nM and potently suppresses c-Myc expression. BI-2536 induces apoptosis and attenuates autophagy. Phase 2. |
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| E1232New |
Concanavalin AConcanavalin A is a potential anti-neoplastic agent targeting apoptosis, autophagy and anti-angiogenesis for cancer therapeutics. |
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| S5248New |
ApatinibApatinib (Rivoceranib, YN968D1) is a potent inhibitor of the VEGF signaling pathway with IC50 values of 1 nM, 13 nM, 429 nM and 530 nM for VEGFR-2, Ret (c-Ret), c-Kit and c-Src, respectively. Apatinib induces both autophagy and apoptosis. |
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| S1105 |
LY294002LY294002 (SF 1101, NSC 697286) is the first synthetic molecule known to inhibit PI3Kα/δ/β with IC50 of 0.5 μM/0.57 μM/0.97 μM, respectively; more stable in solution than Wortmannin, and also blocks autophagosome formation. It not only binds to class I PI3Ks and other PI3K-related kinases, but also to novel targets seemingly unrelated to the PI3K family. LY294002 also inhibits CK2 with IC50 of 98 nM. LY294002 is a non-specific DNA-PKcs inhibitor and activates autophagy and apoptosis. |
Inhibition of PI3K, ERK and mTOR prevents the activation of S6K1 and S6 induced by suppression of PKD1 activity. A549 cells were incubated in the absence (-) or presence of either 5 uM Kb or 5 uM Kb and 20 uM LY294002 or 5 uM Kb and 10 uM BKM120 (as indicated) for 1 h prior to stimulation of cells with 50 nM PMA for 30 min and 1 h.
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| S1092 |
KU-55933 (ATM Kinase Inhibitor)KU-55933 (ATM Kinase Inhibitor) is a potent and specific ATM inhibitor with IC50/Ki of 12.9 nM/2.2 nM in cell-free assays, and is highly selective for ATM as compared to DNA-PK, PI3K/PI4K, ATR and mTOR. KU‑55933 (ATM Kinase Inhibitor) inhibits the activation of autophagy‑initiating kinase ULK1 and results in a significant decrease of autophagy. |
Effects of NVP-BKM120 and KU-55933 and their combination on the DNA damage response. A, HCC1937 cells were treated for 18 hours with NVP-BKM120 at 2.5 μmol/L, KU-55933 at 10 μmol/L, or their combination, subjected to ionizing radiation(IR) with 10 Gy or mock, lysed 6 hours later, and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies as indicated. |
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| S1102 |
U0126-EtOHU0126-EtOH is a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 with IC50 of 0.07 μM/0.06 μM in cell-free assays, 100-fold higher affinity for ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK than PD98059. U0126 inhibits autophagy and mitophagy with antiviral activity. |
Cells were stimulated with TPA (10 nM) for 15 min in the presence of the indicated concentrations of U0126. Samples were collected and analyzed by Western blot to detect phosphorylated p42/p44 MAPK. |
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| S1460 |
SP600125SP600125 (Nsc75890) is a broad-spectrum JNK inhibitor for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 with IC50 of 40 nM, 40 nM and 90 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; 10-fold greater selectivity against MKK4, 25-fold greater selectivity against MKK3, MKK6, PKB, and PKCα, and 100-fold selectivity against ERK2, p38, Chk1, EGFR etc. SP600125 is also a broad‐spectrum inhibitor of serine/threonine kinases including Aurora kinase A，FLT3 and TRKA with of IC50 of 60 nM, 90 nM and 70 nM. SP600125 inhibits autophagy and activates apoptosis. |
Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.
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| S1113 |
GSK690693GSK690693 is a pan-Akt inhibitor targeting Akt1/2/3 with IC50 of 2 nM/13 nM/9 nM in cell-free assays, also sensitive to the AGC kinase family: PKA, PrkX and PKC isozymes. GSK690693 also potently inhibits AMPK and DAPK3 from the CAMK family with IC50 of 50 nM and 81 nM, respectively. GSK690693 affects Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) activity, robustly inhibits STING-dependent IRF3 activation. Phase 1. |
UPN cells were treated with GSK690693 or MK2206 (1 uM) for 1h followed by LPA (10 uM), EGF or IGF-1 (10 ng/ml) for another 1h and Western blot was performed. Band intensities of phospho-AKT (p-AKTS473), phospho-S6 (p-S6S240/S244), phospho-YB-1 (p-YB-1S102) and YB-1 were quantified and normalized to the intensity of ERK2. It directly determined the role of AKT using two potent, AKT inhibitors with distinct actions—a catalytic domain inhibitor, GSK690693, and an allosteric inhibitor, MK2206 -in UPN and SKOV3 cells, which showed appreciable AKT and YB-1 phosphorylation upon growth factor stimulation. GSK690693 increased basal and growth factor-induced AKT phosphorylation due to blocking a negative feedback loop downstream of AKT, whereas MK2206 abolished both basal and growth-factor-induced AKT phosphorylation. |
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| S2758 |
Wortmannin (KY 12420)Wortmannin (KY 12420, SL-2052, BRN 0067676, NSC 627609) is the first described PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 3 nM in a cell-free assay, with little selectivity within the PI3K family. Wortmannin blocks autophagosome formation and potently inhibits DNA-PK/ATM with IC50 of 16 nM and 150 nM in cell-free assays. Wortmannin also inhibits PLK1 activity. |
L3.6pl cells at 6,000 cells per well were incubated in MEM with 5% FBS in triplicate in a 96-well culture plate and then treated alone with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 10 umol/L wortmannin, or with BMS-777607 in combination with individual inhibitors. Polyploidy was examined under BK71 Olympus microscope and photographed 72 hours after treatment. |
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| S2704 |
LY2109761LY2109761 is a novel selective TGF-β receptor type I/II (TβRI/II) dual inhibitor with Ki of 38 nM and 300 nM in a cell-free assay, respectively; shown to negatively affect the phosphorylation of Smad2. LY2109761 blocks autophagy and induces apoptosis. |
The inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathways suppressed EBV-mediated EMT, and prevented the activation of Syk and Src signaling. The EBV-infected HCECs were treated with 100 nM of the dual TGF-β receptor I and II kinase inhibitor, LY2109761, for 48 hours. The EBV-infected HCECs were cultured with anti-TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody (5 ug/mL) or mouse IgG1 antibody (5 ug/mL) for 48 hours. Photographs were taken at x100 magnification by a digital camera.
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| S2767 |
3-Methyladenine (3-MA)3-Methyladenine (3-MA, NSC 66389) is a selective PI3K inhibitor for Vps34 and PI3Kγ with IC50 of 25 μM and 60 μM in HeLa cells; blocks class I PI3K consistently, whereas suppression of class III PI3K is transient, and also blocks autophagosome formation. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is successfully used to suppress mitophagy. Solutions of 3-MA are best fresh-prepared by heating. |
granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. *P < 0.05 (**P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.
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| S7046 |
Brefeldin ABrefeldin A is a lactone antibiotic and ATPase inhibitor for protein transport with IC50 of 0.2 μM in HCT 116 cells, induces cancer cell differentiation and apoptosis. It could also improve the HDR(homology-directed repair) efficiency and be an enhancer of CRISPR-mediated HDR. Brefeldin A is also an inhibitor of autophagy and mitophagy. |
Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting. |
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| S8037 |
Necrostatin-1Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific RIP1 (RIPK1) inhibitor and inhibits TNF-α-induced necroptosis with EC50 of 490 nM in 293T cells. Necrostatin-1 also blocks IDO and suppresses autophagy and apoptosis. |
Cytosolic extracts or nuclear extracts were examined by Western blot analysis using Abs against p105/p50, p100/p52 and phospho-p65. Solid arrowhead indicates a non-specific band. A nuclear marker, PARP, and cytosolic marker, b-tubulin, were used to assess the purity of each fraction.
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| S2775 |
Nocodazole (R17934)Nocodazole (R17934, Oncodazole, NSC238159) is a rapidly-reversible inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, also inhibits Abl, Abl(E255K) and Abl(T315I) with IC50 of 0.21 μM, 0.53 μM and 0.64 μM in cell-free assays, respectively. Nocodazole induces apoptosis. |
A, HeLa cells were treated with DMSO, Taxol (100 nM for 16 h), or Nocodazole (Noco, 100 ng/ml for 16 h). Total cell lysates were probed with the indicated antibodies against Hippo components on Phos-tag SDS-polyacrylamide gels. O and * mark the non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated proteins, respectively. |
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| S3042 |
PurmorphaminePurmorphamine (Shh Signaling Antagonist VI), which directly binds and activates Smoothened, blocks BODIPY-cyclopamine binding to Smo with IC50 of ~ 1.5 μM in HEK293T cell and also is an inducer of osteoblast differentiation with EC50 of 1 μM. Purmorphamine can reduce both basal and induced autophagy. |
a-d) LoVo cells were separately or simultaneously treated with 1 μM purmorphamine and 1 μM thiostrepton for the indicated time. a The Gli1, FoxM1, and CCNB1 protein expression levels were examined by immunoblotting after drug treatment for 48 h. b Cell viability was detected after 6 days using an MTT assay. c LoVo cells treated with indicated drugs were cultured for 2 weeks, and outgrowth colonies were stained with crystal violet. d The matched colony count of (c). Error bars represent the mean and S.D. of three independent experiments. **, p < 0.01.
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| S7033 |
GSK2656157GSK2656157 is an ATP-competitive and highly selective inhibitor of PERK with IC50 of 0.9 nM in a cell-free assay, 500-fold greater against a panel of 300 kinases. GSK2656157 decreases apoptosis and inhibits excessive autophagy. |
GSK2656157 inhibits excessive autophagy in kri1lcas002 HSPCs. Representative confocal images of mCherry-Lc3 puncta (autophagosomes) in kri1lcas002 mutant embryos in Tg (cmyb: egfp) transgenic background are shown. Scale bars, 5 μm.
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| S1413 |
Bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1)Bafilomycin A1(Baf-A1) is a vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.44 nM. Bafilomycin A1 is found to inhibit autophagy while induces apoptosis. |
Mitochondrial depolarization mediated relocation of mitochondrial RC-TPP into lysosomes and the ensuing lysosomal acidity triggered rhodamine fluorescence. RC-TPP-loaded Tom20-GFP+ HeLa cells were treated without or with CCCP (20 μM) in the presence or absence of BFA (200 nM). Colocalization of Tom20-GFP (in green) and mitochondrial RC-TPP (in blue) is shown in cyan. Scale bar: 10 μm.
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| S2930 |
Pifithrin-μPifithrin-μ (NSC 303580, PFTμ, 2-Phenylethynesulfonamide) is a specific p53 inhibitor by reducing its affinity to Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, and also inhibits HSP70 function and autophagy. |
Effect of pifithrin-μ (the inhibitor of mitochondrial translocation of p53) on MEG3-induced apoptosis in TGF-β1-treated LX-2 cells. The inhibitor pifithrin-μ attenuated cleavage of caspase 3 which blocked apoptosis. The results are expressed as relative expression against control expression without treatment.
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| S4643 |
KB-R7943 mesylateKB-R7943 mesylate is a widely used inhibitor of the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX(rev)) with IC50 of 5.7 μM. KB-R7943 mesylate promotes prostate cancer cell death by activating the JNK pathway and blocking autophagic flux. |
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| S7289 |
PFK15PFK15 (PFK-015) is a potent and selective 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3) inhibitor with IC50 of 207 nM. |
b EdU incorporation assays indicated PFK15 inhibited the cell proliferation of Cal27 cells. c The quantitative data of the EdU incorporation assays. |
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| S3233 |
Emetine hydrochlorideEmetine hydrochloride (NSC 33669), a principal alkaloid extracted from the root of ipecac clinically used as an emetic and antiprotozoal drug, reduces HIFs (hypoxia-inducible factors; HIF-1α and HIF-2α), PDK1, RhoA, Rho-kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2) and BRD4. Emetine hydrochloride inhibits cellular autophagy and has anti-malarial, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-amoebic effect. |
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| S7885 |
SBI-0206965SBI-0206965 is a highly selective autophagy kinase ULK1 inhibitor with IC50 of 108 nM, about 7-fold selectivity over ULK2. SBI-0206965 inhibits autophagy and enhances apoptosis in human glioblastoma and lung cancer cells. |
Inhibition of autophagy advances LPS-induced accumulation of G-MDSCs in vivo and in vitro. (A-E) C57BL/6 mice were treated with SBI-0206965 (5 μg/g) or vehicle for 2 h followed by LPS challenge (10 μg/g). Percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (A, C), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (B, D) and CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (B, E) in spleens of these mice were analyzed with FACS at 12, 24 and 36 hours. The data are shown as the means ± SEM (n=5 replicates/group) and are representative of three independent experiments. (F, G) Bone marrow cells were pretreated with SBI-0206965 (1 μg/ml) or vehicle for 2 h and then cultured with GM-CSF (40 ng/ml) and IL-6 (40 ng/ml). Four days later, the percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (F), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (G) and CD11b+Ly6G- Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (G) were analyzed with FACS. Data are representative from one out of three biological replicates, each with three technical replicates. Error bars represent S.E.M. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, as determined by ANOVA tests; ns denotes p > 0.05. |
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| S8576 |
EAD1EAD1 is a potent autophagy inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.8 μM in the BxPC3 cells. It has antiproliferative activities in lung and pancreatic cancer cells. |
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| S8274 |
STO-609STO-609 is a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase(CaM-KK) that inhibits the activities of recombinant CaM-KKα and CaM-KKβ isoforms, with Ki values of 80 and 15 ng/ml, respectively, and also inhibits their autophosphorylation activities. STO-609 inhibits AMPKK activity and inhibits autophagy. |
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| S8764 |
IITZ-01IITZ-01 is a potent autophagy inhibitor, enhancing autophagosome accumulation but inhibiting autophagosomal degradation by impairing lysosomal function. |
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| S6912 |
Vacuolin-1Vacuolin-1 is a potent and cell-permeable inhibitor that blocks the Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes and prevents the release of lysosomal content without affecting the process of resealing. Vacuolin-1 is also a potent and selective PIKfyve inhibitor, and inhibits autophagy by impairing lysosomal maturation via PIKfyve inhibition. |
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| S7888 |
Spautin-1Spautin-1 is a potent and specific autophagy inhibitor, and inhibits the deubiquitinating activity of USP10 and USP13 with IC50 of ∼0.6-0.7 μM. Spautin-1 enhances apoptosis. |
Western blot analyses show significant inhibition of autophagy-related gene expression in Spautin-1 treated OCI-AML2 cells after Ara-C treatment.
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| S7811 |
MHY1485MHY1485 is a potent, and cell-permeable mTOR activator, and also potently inhibits autophagy. |
Exosomal miR-124-3p inhibited neuronal inflammation by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling. A, B) Immunoblot (A) and quantitative (B) data of p-4E-BP1 and p-P70S6K in neurons after scratch injury and exosomal treatment. Their expression was increased after scratch injury and was suppressed by miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes, suggesting that miR-124-3p suppresses the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). ##P < 0.01 vs. control group; **P < 0.01 vs. injury group. C) Expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the culture medium were detected in the 3 groups of neurons: injured neurons (injury group), injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes (I+Exo-124), and injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p-up-regulated exosomes and the mTOR activator (MHY1485). Compared with the I+Exo-124 group, the MHY1485 group represented an increased expression on proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), suggesting that MHY1485 blocks the anti-inflammatory effect of miR-124-3p in injured neurons. Thus, the inhibitory effect of exosomal miR-124-3p on neuronal inflammation was exerted by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). #P < 0.05 vs. injury group; *P < 0.05 vs. I+Exo-124 group.
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| S5973 |
Methylprednisolone AcetateMethylprednisolone (NSC-19987, Medrol) acetate is a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist, used to achieve prompt suppression of inflammation. Methylprednisolone activates ACE2 and reduces IL-6 levels, thus improves severe or critical COVID-19. Methylprednisolone markedly reduces autophagy and apoptosis. |
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| S7423 |
KN-93 PhosphateKN-93 Phosphate is a potent and specific inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) with Ki of 0.37 μM, no remarkable inhibitory effects on APK, PKC, MLCK or Ca2+-PDE activities. KN-93 attenuates CaMKII-induced autophagy. |
Paeoniflorin (PF) protects the heart against MI-induced injury in DM mice. Heart function was analyzed by measuring fractional shortening {FS = [LV end diastolic diameter (LVEDD)-LVend systolic diameter (LVESD)]×100/LVEDD} and LV ejection fraction [LVEF = (LVEDD2−LVESD2)/LVEDD2].
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| S6999 |
Chloroquine (NSC-187208)Chloroquine (NSC-187208, Aralen, CHQ, CQ) is an antimalarial drug and autophagy/lysosome inhibitor. Chloroquine also suppresses Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) protein expression. Chloroquine is highly effective agianst SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection with EC50 of 1.13 μM in Vero E6 cells. Chloroquine has anti-HIV-1 activity. |
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| S7948 |
MRT67307 HClMRT67307 is a potent and dual IKKϵ and TBK1 inhibitor with IC50 of 160 and 19 nM, respectively. MRT67307 potently inhibits ULK1 and ULK2 and blocks autophagy. |
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| S8369 |
Lys05Lys05 is a new lysosomal autophagy inhibitor which potently accumulates within and deacidifies the lysosome of both cells and tumors, resulting in sustained inhibition of autophagy and tumor growth. |
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| S7146 |
DMH1DMH1 is a selective BMP receptor inhibitor with IC50 of 107.9 nM for ALK2, exhibiting no inhibition on AMPK, ALK5, KDR (VEGFR-2) or PDGFR. DMH1 inhibits autophagy. |
The combined treatment with miR-140-5p mimics and some common chemotherapeutics did not have any effect on the SK-MES1 cell line, whereas miR-140-5p and DMH1 and cisplatin decreased the proliferation ofthe A549 cells. Data are presented as mean±SEM of three individual experiments undertaken in triplicate. t-Test was used to assess significance with *p<0.05.
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| S7949 |
MRT68921 HClMRT68921 is a potent and dual autophagy kinase ULK1/2 inhibitor with IC50 of 2.9 nM and 1.1 nM, respectively. |
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| S8744 |
PHY34PHY34 is a late-stage autophagy inhibitor with nanomolar potency and significant antitumor efficacy as a single agent against HGSOC in vivo. |
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| S5920 |
CA-5fCA-5f is a potent late-stage macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitor via inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion. |
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| S8222 |
AS1842856AS1842856 is a cell-permeable inhibitor that blocks the transcription activity of Foxo1 with IC50 of 33 nM. It could directly bind to the active Foxo1, but not the Ser256-phosphorylated form. AS1842856 suppresses autophagy. |
(E-F) Images and results from microfluidic devices containing human kidney capillaries from young healthy kidneys (n = 6 per group, 2 donors) (E) or aged hypertensive kidneys (n = 5 per group, 1 donor) (F), stimulated to undergo sprouting angiogenesis with VEGF. In the presence of the FOXO1 inhibitor AS1842856 both healthy capillaries and aged capillaries successfully form new capillaries with tip-stalk structures. FOXO1 inhibition enables angiogenic capacity in kidney MVECs like that seen in HUVECs. Capillaries engineered from aged hypertensive kidneys had a higher tendency to form new vascular structures, although these did not show tip cell morphology (F, lower left images). FOXO1 inhibition enhanced new vessel formation with obvious tip cell morphology. Note bpV was less effective in aged capillary.
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| S7682 |
SAR405SAR405 is a low-molecular-mass kinase inhibitor of PIK3C3/Vps34 (KD 1.5 nM) showing high selectivity and not be active up to 10 μM on class I and class II PI3Ks as well as on mTOR. SAR405 prevents autophagy and synergizes with MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) inhibition in tumor cells. |
RT-112 and RT-112 (CisPt-R) cells were treated with cisplatin, SAR405, and a combination of both in absence and presence of QVD (10 µM). Again, the concentrations used were the IC50 or half IC50 values for RT-112 (CisPt-R) and RT-112, respectively. After 48 hours, the cells were lysed, and cleared cellular lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting for PARP, caspase-3 (Casp3), and Actin. One representative immunoblot is shown.
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| S7683 |
PIK-IIIPIK-III (VPS34-IN2), which is a selective inhibitor of VPS34 enzymatic activity, inhibits autophagy and de novo lipidation of LC3 and leads to the stabilization of autophagy substrates. The IC50 values for VPS34 and PI(3)Kδ are 0.018 μM and 1.2 μM respectively. |
LC3 and DAPI immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect autophagy in VSC4.1 cells treated with 25 mM HD alone, 25 mM HD + 5 μM PIK-III, 5 μM PIK-III and 0.1% DMSO alone (control group). Scale bar: 20 μm |
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| S8793 |
ULK-101ULK-101 is a potent and selective ULK1 inhibitor with IC50 values of 8.3 nM and 30 nM for ULK1 and ULK2, respectively. |
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| S8527 |
ROC-325ROC-325 is an orally available novel inhibitor of lysosomal-mediated autophagy which diminishes AML cell viability with the IC50 range of 0.7-2.2 μM. |
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| S9424 |
Liensinine diperchlorateLiensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits late-stage autophagy/mitophagy through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. It is a novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor. |
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| S7751 |
VER155008VER155008 (C07) is a potent Hsp70 family inhibitor with IC50 of 0.5 μM, 2.6 μM, and 2.6 μM in cell-free assays for HSP70, HSC70, and GRP78 (HSPA5, Bip), respectively, >100-fold selectivity over HSP90. VER155008 inhibits autophagy and causes reduced levels of HSP90 client proteins. |
(D) Microglial cultures treated with 300 μM H2O2 alone or 100 μM SNAP plus 300 μM H2O2 for 24 h in the absence or presence of a chemical inhibitor (20 μM VER-155008 or 20 μM SnPP) were subjected to the determination of cell viability (MTT reduction assay). ∗p < 0.05 vs. H2O2 (300 μM) alone. +p < 0.05 vs. SNAP (100 μM) plus H2O2 (300 μM). |
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| S6716 |
NSC 185058NSC185058 inhibits ATG4B, the lipidation of LC3B, and autophagy without affecting the MTOR or PtdIns3K pathways. |
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| S9150 |
DaurisolineDaurisoline, a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the rhizomes of Menispermum dauricum, is a potent autophagy blockers with antiarrhythmic effects. |
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| S7381 |
Pepstatin APepstatin A (Pepstatin) is a potent aspartic protease inhibitor, and also inhibits HIV replication. Pepstatin A is also an inhibitor of cathepsins D and cathepsins E. Pepstatin A inhibits autophagy by suppressing lysosomal proteases. |
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| S1078 |
MK-2206 2HClMK-2206 2HCl is a highly selective inhibitor of Akt1/2/3 with IC50 of 8 nM/12 nM/65 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; no inhibitory activities against 250 other protein kinases observed. MK-2206 2HCl induces autophagy and apoptosis in cancer cells. Phase 2. |
VE-cadherin-induced Akt activation mediates YAP phosphorylation and translocation in ECs. HUVECs were starved for 1h and treated with thrombin (1U) for 1h. Total cell lysates were probed with anti-pAkt, Akt or b-actin antibody. The representative blots of three independent experiments are depicted, and the normalized values for p-Akt are shown. HUVECs were cultured and starved as described as in d and incubated for 8h in complete medium with the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206 (1 uM). pAkt, Akt, pYAP and YAP were detected by western blotting using specific antibodies.
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| S1002 |
ABT-737ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w with EC50 of 78.7 nM, 30.3 nM and 197.8 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; no inhibition observed against Mcl-1, Bcl-B or Bfl-1. ABT-737 induces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and mitophagy. Phase 2. |
Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown. |
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| S1049 |
Y-27632 2HClY-27632 2HCl is a selective ROCK1 (p160ROCK) inhibitor with Ki of 140 nM in a cell-free assay, exhibits >200-fold selectivity over other kinases, including PKC, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, MLCK and PAK. |
The Rho GTPase-JNK pathway is required for the inhibitory effects of vandetanib on Calu-6 cells invasion. Calu-6 cells were incubated for 24 h in the presence or absence of vandetanib (1 or 2 uM), SP600125 (50 or 100 uM), and Y27632 (5 or 10 uM). The morphology of the Calu-6 cells was examined under a light microscope. Scale bar: 50 um.
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| S1555 |
AZD8055AZD8055 is a novel ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 0.8 nM in MDA-MB-468 cells with excellent selectivity (∼1,000-fold) against PI3K isoforms and ATM/DNA-PK. AZD8055 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and also induces autophagy. Phase 1. |
mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 activates PI3K accompanied with induction of expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and IRS1. Serum-deprived CHO-EGFP-AKT cells were incubated with 50 nM AZD8055 for 24 hr. The EGFP signal was detected using confocal microscopy. The white arrows indicate EGFP-AKT located on cellular membrane.
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| S1038 |
PI-103PI-103 is a multi-targeted PI3K inhibitor for p110α/β/δ/γ with IC50 of 2 nM/3 nM/3 nM/15 nM in cell-free assays, less potent to mTOR/DNA-PK with IC50 of 30 nM/23 nM. PI-103 induces apoptosis in murine T-cell Lymphoma. |
We treated all of drugs in T47D which has a PI3KCA H1044R mutation with the concentration shown below for 1 hour and performed western blot analysis using antibodies to phospho-AKT(SERINE 472), and total AKT.
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| S1129 |
SRT1720 HClSRT1720 HCl is a selective SIRT1 activator with EC50 of 0.16 μM in a cell-free assay, but is >230-fold less potent for SIRT2 and SIRT3. SRT1720 induces autophagy. |
PAI-1 expression in HUVECs treated with drugs as indicated.(D) senescent HUVECs were treated with SRT1720, culturing for 24, 48 hours. PAI-1 mRNA and protein (E) levels were analyzed using real-time RT–PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The RNA and protein levels were normalized to the internal control β-actin. Data are presented as the mean±SEM of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. corresponding control. **P < 0.01 vs. corresponding control ***P < 0.001 vs. corresponding control.
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| S1077 |
SB202190 (FHPI)SB202190 (FHPI) is a potent p38 MAPK inhibitor targeting p38α/β with IC50 of 50 nM/100 nM in cell-free assays, sometimes used instead of SB 203580 to investigate potential roles for SAPK2a/p38 in vivo. SB202190 inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis via induction of autophagy and heme oxygenase-1. SB202190 significantly suppresses Erastin‐dependent ferroptosis. |
C, Jurkat cells with SB202190 at 1, 5, and 10 μM were tested, and a decreased SRP72 expression was found when using at 10 μM (lanes 8 and 9). D, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 10 μM at 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min (p<0.05).
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| S1075 |
SB216763SB216763 is a potent and selective GSK-3 inhibitor with IC50 of 34.3 nM for GSK-3α and equally effective at inhibiting human GSK-3β. SB216763 activates autophagy. |
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| S1080 |
SU11274SU11274 (PKI-SU11274) is a selective Met (c-Met) inhibitor with IC50 of 10 nM in cell-free assays, no effects on PGDFRβ, EGFR or Tie2. SU11274 induces autophagy, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. |
Effect of crizotinib, tivantinib, and SU11274 on levels of c-MET phosphorylation and downstream signaling pathway in SW1736 and TL3 thyroid cancer cells. Cells were prestarved in culture medium containing 0.5% FBS (24 hour) ?either crizotinib or tivantinib (0.1, 1.0, and 10 umol/L) or SU11274 (10 umol/L), and stimulated with 20 ng/mL recombinant human HGF for 10 minutes before lysates were made for Western blotting. A series of c-MET downstream signaling pathway proteins and phosphor proteins were detected using Western blotting. β-Actin was used as a loading balance control.
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| S7110 |
(+)-JQ1(+)-JQ1 is a BET bromodomain inhibitor, with IC50 of 77 nM/33 nM for BRD4(1/2) in cell-free assays, binding to all bromodomains of the BET family, but not to bromodomains outside the BET family. (+)-JQ1 suppresses cell proliferation via inducing autophagy. (+)-JQ1 inhibits the expression of Nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 3 (NSD3) target genes. |
The BET protein inhibitor JQ1 reduces c-Myc expression and attenuates primary MCC cell proliferation. A, decreased c-Myc expression in MCC-3 and MCC-5 treated with JQ1 (800 nmol/L) for 72 hours by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. The mRNA expression of target genes was normalized to that of MRPS2 and a value of 1.0 was assigned to the mRNA expression of target genes in the control group (means+SEM; **, P < 0.01 vs. control); b-actin was used as a loading control for immunoblotting. |
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| S2827 |
Torin 1Torin 1 is a potent inhibitor of mTORC1/2 with IC50 of 2 nM/10 nM in cell-free assays; exhibits 1000-fold selectivity for mTOR than PI3K. |
Huh-7.5 cells were treated with increasing concentration of Torin 1, a known autophagy inducer, and the autophagy response was assessed by measuring LC3II and p62 levels.
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| S2624 |
OSI-027OSI-027 (ASP4786, CERC 006, AEVI-006) is a selective and potent dual inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2 with IC50 of 22 nM and 65 nM in cell-free assays, and more than 100-fold selectivity observed for mTOR than PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ or DNA-PK. OSI-027 induces autophagy in cancer cells. Phase 1. |
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| S1590 |
TWS119TWS119 is a GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of 30 nM in a cell-free assay; capable of inducing neuronal differentiation and may be useful to stem cell biology. GSK-3β inhibition triggers autophagy. |
Lysates of HCT116p53KO cells were harvested 24 hs after treatment with different GSK3 inhibitors and GSK3A/B activation/inactivation checked by western blot: a mix of pSer21-GSK3A and pSer9-GSK3B antibodies and antibody cross-reacting with both pTyr279-GSK3A and pTyr216-GSK3B were used to assess the specificity of the inhibitor for GSK3A. BIO: 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime, TWS: TWS119, SB2: SB216763, SB4: SB415286.
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| S2843 |
BI-D1870BI-D1870 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of S6 ribosome for RSK1/2/3/4 with IC50 of 31 nM/24 nM/18 nM/15 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; 10- to 100-fold selectivity for RSK than MST2, GSK-3β, MARK3, CK1 and Aurora B. BI-D1870 exhibits anticancer attributes including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. |
Expressions of active forms of all p90RSK isoforms were assessed by immunoblotting in Control vs. GR cells following treatment with increasing concentrations of BI-D1870 for 24 hours. Actin was included as a loading control.
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| S2635 |
CCT128930CCT128930 is a potent, ATP-competitive and selective inhibitor of Akt2 with IC50 of 6 nM in a cell-free assay, 28-fold greater selectivity for Akt2 than the closely related PKA kinase. CCT128930 induces cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and autophagy independent of Akt inhibition. High dose of CCT128930 triggers cell apoptosis in HepG2 cells. |
PI3K/AKT were involved in the E2 induced decrease of Caov-3 cell anoikis. Caov-3 cells were pretreated by different signaling pathway inhibitors and Bit1 expression was determined by western blotting.
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| S2163 |
PF-4708671PF-4708671 is a cell-permeable inhibitor of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K1 isoform) with Ki/IC50 of 20 nM/160 nM in cell-free assays, 400-fold greater selectivity for S6K1 than S6K2, and 4- and >20-fold selectivity for S6K1 than MSK1 and RSK1/2, respectively. PF-4708671 induces autophagy. First S6K1-specific inhibitor to be reported. |
After treated with PF-4708671 (PF, 10 uM) and 4EGI-1 (50 uM) for 48 h, GRP78 and ATF4 in QBC939, RBE and HCCC-9810 cells were analyzed using western blot.
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| S2817 |
Torin 2Torin 2 is a potent and selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 0.25 nM in p53−/− MEFs cell line; 800-fold greater selectivity for mTOR than PI3K and improved pharmacokinetic properties. Inhibition of ATM/ATR/DNA-PK with EC50 of 28 nM/35 nM/118 nM,in PC3 cell lines respectively. Torin 2 decreases cell viability and induces autophagy and apoptosis. |
U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/Pi before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.
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| S1582 |
H 89 2HClH 89 2HCl is a potent PKA inhibitor with Ki of 48 nM in a cell-free assay, 10-fold selective for PKA than PKG,500-fold greater selectivity than PKC, MLCK, calmodulin kinase II and casein kinase I/II. H 89 2HCl induces autophagy. |
The effects of H89 on bTSH-induced FASN downregulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with either 20 µmol/L H89 or vehicle for 1 h, then treated with 0.2 µM bTSH for 8 h. Levels of FASN, pCREB, pERK1/2 and pJNK were determined by Western blotting.
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| S2770 |
MK-5108 (VX-689)MK-5108 (VX-689) is a highly selective Aurora A inhibitor with IC50 of 0.064 nM in a cell-free assay and is 220- and 190-fold more selective for Aurora A than Aurora B/C, while it inhibits TrkA with less than 100-fold selectivity. MK-5108 (VX-689) induces autophagy. Phase 1. |
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-S277001W0220130927.gif)
MK-5108 specifically inhibits AURKA and delays mitotic exit. (a) MK-5108 inhibits AURKA but not AURKB. Mitotic HeLa cells were obtained by exposure to nocodazole for 16 h followed by mechanical shake off. The cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of MK-5108 for 2 h. Nocodazole and MG132 were included to prevent mitotic exit. Lysates were then prepared and activated phospho-AURKAThr288 and AURKBThr232 were detected with immunoblotting. Uniform loading was confirmed by immunoblotting for actin. (b) MK-5108 prevents activation of AURKA but not AURKB. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of MK-5108 for 8 h. Nocodazole was then added for another 6 h to trap any cells that entered mitosis. Mitotic cells were isolated by mechanical shake off. Lysates were prepared and analyzed with immunoblotting. Actin analysis was included to assess loading and transfer. (c) MK-5108 induces a G 2 /M delay. HeLa cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of MK-5108 for 24 h. DNA contents were analyzed with flow cytometry. |
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| S2449 |
ColforsinColforsin (Forskolin, HL 362, Coleonol) is a ubiquitous activator of eukaryotic adenylyl cyclase (AC) in a wide variety of cell types, commonly used to raise levels of cAMP in the study and research of cell physiology. Forskolin also activates PXR and FXR activity. Forskolin stimulates autophagy. |
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| S7306 |
Dorsomorphin (Compound C) 2HClDorsomorphin 2HCl (BML-275, Compound C) is a potent, reversible, selective AMPK inhibitor with Ki of 109 nM in cell-free assays, exhibiting no significant inhibition of several structurally related kinases including ZAPK, SYK, PKCθ, PKA, and JAK3. Also inhibits type Ⅰ BMP receptor activity. Dorsomorphin induces autophagy in cancer cell line. |
AMPK inhibition by compound C(Dorsomorphin) inhibited autophagy activation and neuroprotection induced by IPC in PC12 cells. (A) Compound C (Comp C) abolished IPC induced neuroprotection in PC12 cells. Cells were incubated with compound C 5 μM 60 min before the onset of IPC. Twelve hours after IPC, the cells were subjected to OGD for 10 h and cell viability was examined with CCK-8 kit. (B) Compound C reduced LC3II/LC3I ratio. The cells were incubated with compound C 5 μM 60 min before the onset of IPC. Then the cells were harvested 12 h after IPC and subjected to Western blot analysis. Bar represents mean ± SD, n = 3. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 compared with the control group; $$$ P < 0.001 compared with the OGD group; %%% P < 0.001 compared with the IPC + OGD group; # P < 0.05 compared with the IPC group. |
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| S2812 |
(R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid(R)-(-)-Gossypol (AT-101) acetic acid, the R-(-) enantiomer of Gossypol acetic acid, binds with Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 with Ki of 0.32 μM, 0.48 μM and 0.18 μM in cell-free assays; does not inhibit BIR3 domain and BID. AT-101 simultaneously triggers apoptosis and a cytoprotective type of autophagy. Phase 2. |
(B and C) assessment of antimigration capacity in each group by transwell migration assay. Abbreviations: CDDP, cisplatin; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide. |
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| S2929 |
Pifithrin-α (PFTα) HBrPifithrin-α is an inhibitor of p53, inhibiting p53-dependent transactivation of p53-responsive genes. Pifithrin-α is also a potent agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). |
A, HAECs were per-incubated with PFTα (3 μmol/L) for 60 min followed by transfected with siB-myb or siNC in the presence of PFTα (3 μmol/L) for 7 d. The expression levels of B-myb, p-p53, p53 and p21 proteins were analysed by western blotting. GAPDH was used as a loading control. A typical group of blots is shown from one of three independent experiments. |
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| S7164 |
GSK343GSK343 is a potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM in a cell-free assay, showing 60 fold selectivity against EZH1, and >1000 fold selectivity against other histone methyltransferases. GSK343 induces autophagy. |
Representative confocal microscopy images of oocytes with DZNep or GSK343 treatment. The oocytes presented with a typical barrel-shaped spindle and well-aligned chromosomes on the metaphase plate not only in DZNep or GSK343 treated group but also in the control group. Spindle was recognized by α-tubulin (green) and DNA was recognized by PI (Propidium iodide, red). Scale bar = 4 μm.
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| S8006 |
BIX 01294BIX01294 is an inhibitor of G9a histone methyltransferase with IC50 of 2.7 μM in a cell-free assay, reduces H3K9me2 of bulk histones, also weakly inhibits GLP (primarily H3K9me3), no significant activity observed at other histone methyltransferases. BIX01294 induces autophagy. BIX01294 also inhibits H3K36 methylation by oncoproteins NSD1, NSD2 and NSD3. |
The H3K9me2 inhibitor BIX01294 mimics the effects of BPA and DEHP on the expression of meiotic genes and Plzf in cultured testes. (A) representative double IF staining for Mvh (green) and Stra8 (red) and Scp3 (red) and (B) Plzf (red) in histological sections of control and BIX01294-treated testes. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of Stra8, Scp3, Rec8, Spo11 and plzf in testes from the control and BIX01294-treated groups. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM. ns, P > 0.05, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.
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| S8059 |
Nutlin-3aNutlin-3a ((-)-Nutlin-3), the active enantiomer of Nutlin-3, inhibits the p53/MDM2 interaction with IC50 of 90 nM in a cell-free assay. Nutlin-3a induces autophagy and apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. |
Nutlin-3a preserved p53 expression without influencing high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte impairment. A-D: cultured podocytes were pre-treated by nutlin-3a for 2 hrs before subjected to HG treatment. Western blotting gel documents (A) and summarized data (B) showing the expression of p53 and MDM2 in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 4. Western blotting gel documents (C) and summarized data (D) showing the expression of Desmin in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 3. *P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl, #P < 0.05 vs. Vehl + HG. Ctrl: control; Vehl: vehicle; nutlin-3a: nutlin-3a treatment. |
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| S1219 |
YM201636YM201636 is a selective PIKfyve inhibitor with IC50 of 33 nM, less potent to p110α and insensitive to Fabl (yeast orthologue). YM-201636 suppresses the growth of liver cancer via the induction of autophagy. |
Validation study for vacuolin-1 and YM201636. (A) HeLa cells were treated with 3 lM vacuolin-1 or YM201636 in the presence or absence of the lysosomal protease inhibitor E64d (10 μg/mL) and pepstatin A (10 μg/mL). After 24 h of treatment, cell lysates (10 μg) were separated by 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and LC3 was detected via immunoblotting.
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| S7152 |
C646C646 is an inhibitor for histone acetyltransferase, and inhibits p300 with a Ki of 400 nM in a cell-free assay. Preferentially selective for p300 versus other acetyltransferases. C646 induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. |
Phosphorylation of STAT6 in butyrate-treated M2-BMDMs. Western blotting was performed with anti-phospho-STAT6, STAT6, and β-actin. Data are representative of three independent experiments. M2:M2 macrophage; But:butyrate.
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| S7130 |
PR-619PR-619 is a non-selective, reversible inhibitor of the deubiquitinylating enzymes (DUBs) with EC50 of 1-20 μM in a cell-free assay. PR-619 activates autophagy. |
Ubiquitination inhibitor PYR-41 and deubiquitination inhibitor PR-619 pretreated macrophages with or without Teuvincenone F (25 μM) for 2 h, following stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 30 min, and then subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-NEMO antibody followed by immunoblot analysis with specific antibodies. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments.
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| S2782 |
GW4064GW4064 is an agonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) with EC50 of 65 nM in CV1 cell line and displays no activity at other nuclear receptors at concentrations up to 1 μM. GW4064 stimulates autophagy in MCF-7 cells. |
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